The Euclidean distance analysis is

The Euclidean distance analysis is a commonly used clustering analysis method, which is similar to the PCA analysis method, and the classification results of the samples are consistent between the two. We used Euclidean distance analysis to draw a fingerprint map based on Euclidean distance, which had more intuitive characteristics compared to the PCA analysis results (Zhou et al., 2022). In order to understand the similarity of the volatile fingerprint maps between different goji berry samples, we calculated the Euclidean distance between different vari- eties and different producing areas of black goji berry samples to reflect the differences in their volatile components (Tables 2 and 3). Fig. 4c and