2.3.4. PorosityThe porosity was est

2.3.4. Porosity
The porosity was estimated as the ratio of absolute density to
bulk density (Han et al., 2010). After determining the volume and
mass of the fried crackers (10 pieces) as described above, they were
grounded in a cylinder mill (A11BS25, IKA, Germany), and then the
volume and mass were determined with an analytical balance and
a graduated cylinder, respectively. Three replications were carried
out for the sample of each substitution level. Porosity is calculated
by the following equation:
Porosity ¼


1  mbVt
Vbmt

 100%
Here, mb, mt represent weight of fried fish cracker or fried cassava
cracker before and after grinding, respectively. Vb, Vt denote
volume of fried fish cracker or fried cassava cracker before and after
grinding.