After the measurements of the veget

After the measurements of the vegetable oil were complete, the gas burner was turned
on to a temperature of about 250°C ถึงประมาณ 260°C, and the temperature of the vegetable oil in the small container was monitored. After the temperature of the vegetable oil was
stabilized at about 250°C ถึงประมาณ 260°C, a 1-kilogram sample of densified wood pellets was loaded into the wire strainer basket and submerged in the heated vegetable oil in the small container เป็นเวลาประมาณ 20 นาที for the first sample. The wire strainer basket with the
densified wood pellets contained therein was then removed from the vegetable oil in the 5 small container and allowed to drain over the deep fryer for 5 นาที. The torrefied
ชีวมวลอัด was then retrieved from the wire strainer basket and its weight measured,
without submersing in a cold water bath, to avoid any water absorption by the torrefied
ชีวมวลอัด and contamination of the results. The net weight loss or gain of the sample
was then calculated by comparing to the starting weight of the densified wood pellets, on a 10 dry basis. The net weight of the used oil was also measured by measuring the small container
containing the used oil and subtracting the weight of the small container. Oil loss by absorption and mass loss of pellets was calculated.
After the above process, the second 1-kg sample was loaded into the wire strainer
basket and submerged in the heated vegetable oil in the small container เป็นเวลาประมาณ 30 นาที. 15 The wire strainer basket with the densified wood pellets contained therein was then removed
from the small container and allowed to drain over the deep fryer for 5 นาที. The net
weight loss or gain of the sample was then calculated by comparing to the starting weight of
the densified wood pellets, on a dry basis. The net weight of the used oil was also measured
by measuring the small container containing the used oil and subtracting the weight of the 20 small container. Oil loss by absorption and mass loss of pellets was calculated. One kilogram
of the used vegetable oil in the deep fryer was collected for additional testing purposes.

Results:
It was found that with 20 นาที in a vegetable oil heated ถึงประมาณ 260°C ถึงประมาณ
270°C, torrefied pellets had a net loss of weight of about 2.20%. With 30 นาที in heated 25 vegetable oil, it was found that torrefied pellets had a net weight loss of about 6.16%. In
addition, the torrefied wood pellets were hydrophobic and had increased grindability (i.e.,
high Hardgrove scale score) as compared to untorrefied wood pellets.
Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is thought that some oil absorption occurs
during the first few นาที of กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน, which may result in a net increase in weight of 30 the biomass. Following the first few นาที, the biomass is increasingly torrefied, thereby
expelling VOCs and losing weight, resulting in a ชีวมวล อัดทีที that has a net weight loss as compared to the initial starting material.


Example 4:

Materials and Methods

5 In this example, 4 different samples of densified softwood pellets made from a blend
of spruce, pine and fir, each weighing about 0.5 kg, were tested using the small test unit described in Example 1. Vegetable oil was heated to 220°C ถึงประมาณ 240°C in the small container. The weight of the small container was measured before it was filled with oil and
after it was filled with oil to determine the weight of the oil prior to the กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน process. 10 One of the 4 different samples was submerged in the oil for a pre-determined amount of time,
and then allowed to drip dry over the small container เป็นเวลาประมาณ 5 นาที. The small
container containing the oil was measured again following the กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน process to
determine the amount of oil absorbed by the sample. This procedure was repeated for the
three other samples.

15 Results
The results indicated that there was less absorption with more time in the heated oil, as described above in Example 3. As shown in Table 3 below, sample 1, which was torrefied เป็นเวลาประมาณ 10 นาที in the hot vegetable oil, showed about 9.6% oil absorption, and sample 2, which was torrefied เป็นเวลาประมาณ 15 นาที in the hot vegetable oil, showed about 6.7% oil
20 absorption.


Table 3: Oil Absorption During กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน

Sample 1 Sample 2
Sample Weight — at start 0.5 0.5
ปริมาณความชื้น* 4% f 4%
Sample Weight —at start; bone dry basis 0.4808 0.4808
i
Sample Weight — at end 0.45 0.474
Process Time 15 i 10
Change in Weight of Sample -6% -1%
Oil Weight — at start 2.968 2.926
Oil Weight — at end 2.936 2.88
% Absorption of Oil by Sample 6.6556% 9.5674%
(bone dry basis starting weight)
"ปริมาณความชื้น" refers to the amount of water (in %) in the torrefied wood pellets immediately after the กระบวนการทอร์รีแฟกชัน process (i.e., after drip drying for 5 นาที).


Example 5:

5 Materials and Methods