The relationship between art. 21(1) and art. 19(2) merits further elaboration.
The activities listed in art. 19(2) are against the interests of the coastal State and
thus make passage of a foreign ship non-innocent. However, art. 19(2) per se does
not, except Item (g), shed any light on whether the activities are illegal in the
context of local legislation, despite the presumption to that effect.