residents may be instrumental in di

residents may be instrumental in discouraging tourism by opposing it or exhibiting hostile behavior toward tourism advocates and/or tourists. The needs of the visitors have to be satisfied because providing quality experiences for them by the host community will increase the desire for further interaction between hosts and guests (Hudman and Hawkins 1989). The encounter between them may also lead to negative experiences. Knox (1982:77) commented that, "The tourist may have his vacation spoiled or enhanced by the resident. The resident may have his daily life enriched or degraded by the unending flow of tourists."
In developing and attracting tourism to a community, the goal is to achieve outcomes that obtain the best balance of benefits and costs for both residents and tourism actors. The preceding discussion suggests that residents evaluate tourism in terms of social exchange, that is, evaluate it in terms of expected benefits or costs obtained in return for the services they supply. Hence, it is assumed host resident actors seek tourism development for their community in order to satisfy their economic, social, and psychological needs and to improve the community's well-being. Even for those in a community where tourism is forced upon them by others against their wishes, there is still an opportunity for them to evaluate the exchange, since it can be viewed as a dynamic process. In such instances, it is likely that the exchange will be perceived negatively because there is an imbalance of benefits and costs shared between the actors and any stability in the relationship, in terms of motivation and loyalty, is not maintained. However, benefits derived from the exchange may be perceived by residents as outweighing costs. Thus, perceptions may change to a more positive disposition, despite initial opposition stemming from having tourism forced upon the community.
A SOCIAL EXCHANGE PROCESS MODEL
To help facilitate understanding of residents' perceptions of tourism, a model of the social exchange process is presented in Figure 1. The model outlines the processes by which residents become involved in tourism exchanges, continue these exchanges, and become disengaged from the exchanges. It incorporates some of the basic concepts and elements of various frameworks of social exchange theory which have been previously mentioned. The basic components involved in the exchange process are need satisfaction, exchange relation, consequences of exchange, and the no-exchange outcome. Linking the components are a set of processes that are presented as flows shown in Figure 1: (1) initiation of exchange; (2) exchange formation; (3) exchange transaction evaluation; (4) positive evaluation of exchange consequences, that is, reinforcement of behavior; and (2a) and (4a) negative evaluation of exchange consequences resulting in a reduction of exchange behavior or possibly the withdrawal of exchange behavior which results in no-exchange.
In this model it is assumed that social relations involve an exchange of resources among social actors; social actors seek mutual benefit from the exchange relationship; the primary motive for initiating exchange