Charisma has been studied as a trait (Weber 1947) and as a set of behaviors (House 1977;
House and Howell 1992). Researchers assert that these leaders feature visionary, energetic,
unconventional, and exemplary abilities. In addition, some investigators view Charismatic
Leadership as an impression management process (Gardner and Alviolo 1998) enacted
theatrically in acts of framing (cognitive views for followers; parables), scripting (development
of directions for the scene), staging (adding affects for drama and impression such as guns or
other props), and performing (enacting sometimes scripted dialogue and using props for
symbolic effect