In [2] a UML-based modeling techniq

In [2] a UML-based modeling technique has
been discussed to address the interoperability
issues in the VISA card processing network.

The system provides a UML-based model for specifying
the structure, semantic, and lifecycle of the
data to prevent misunderstanding and incorrect
population of message fields in the payment processing
chain.
A monitoring system is deployed
that compares the field values of the message in
every transaction against the specified values of
the model and takes corrective actions if
required.
The problem with this approach is that
a monitoring system is required to monitor and
compare fields’ values of every message of the
transaction.
Furthermore, the corrective steps
required to address an interoperability issue are
not addressed after they are identified.