Parental involvement. To examine pa

Parental involvement. To examine parental involvement in homework, the study
analyzed responses to the question: During this school year, about how many days in an
average week do you or does anyone in your household help (him/her) with (his/her)
homework? The responses were recoded yes/no, so that 0 = No (Never; Less than once a
week; and 1 to 2 days a week) and 1 = Yes (3 to 4 days a week; and 5 or more days a
week). This variable contained 8.37% missing cases.
Household income. To examine household income the study examined the
response to a categorical question. Respondents were asked: What was the total income of
all persons in your household over the past year, including salaries or other earnings,
interest, retirement, and so on for all household members? The responses were recoded
high/middle/low, so that Low is ≤ $25,000; Middle is $25,001 -$50,000; and High is
$50,001-$100,000+. This variable contained no missing cases.