Machali (1998: 152) also proposes t

Machali (1998: 152) also proposes the kinds of translation shift. She divides the shift in translation into two kinds: obligatory shift and optional shift. An obligatory shift refers to the kinds of shift that occurs when no formal correspondence occurs in the translation. It is the shift that its occurrence is dictated by the grammar. The other kind of shift is the optional shift. It refers to a case of shift that is caused by the translator's discretion It is called optional shift since the translator could have chosen the more equivalent clauses with the readers’ orientation in the target language text.