Causal systems are important, but they are not the only systems that are of practical significance. Causality is not of fundamental importance in
• applications, such as image processing, in which the independent variable is not time;
• processing recorded data for which time is the independent variable, as often happens with speech; and
• many applications, such as in stock market analysis and demographic studies, when we want to determine a slowly varying trend in data, and when we average data over an interval to smooth out the fluctuations and keep only the trend.
Causal systems are important, but they are not the only systems that are of practical significance. Causality is not of fundamental importance in• applications, such as image processing, in which the independent variable is not time;• processing recorded data for which time is the independent variable, as often happens with speech; and • many applications, such as in stock market analysis and demographic studies, when we want to determine a slowly varying trend in data, and when we average data over an interval to smooth out the fluctuations and keep only the trend.
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