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The virgin bed material used in the BFB consists of coarse sand (Section 1). For practical reasons, the material tends to be recycled and reused from one run to the next. Sieving is performed (to a nominal 2-mm size) using a SWECO vibrating screen to remove the oversize fraction (ca. 15%) (Taylor, 2012). During a run, material may also be hand-sieved using a 5 mm screen. The reusable fraction consists of sand, along with ash and other inert materials. The composition will vary depending on the number of times the material has been recycled and the characteristics of the associated runs. A sample composition is provided in Table 2.