=Kˆp-1p-pccoraˆv (1) -KˆKˆ21=Z (2)

=K
ˆ
p-1
p-p
c
co
ra
ˆ
v
(1)
-K
ˆ
K
ˆ
21
=Z
(2)
Where p
0
() ( )
ra
ˆ
v+K
ˆ
K
ˆ
21
represents actual agreement, p
represents “chance
agreement”, and
Κ
ˆ
1
,
Κ
ˆ
2
c
represents the Kappa coefficients for
the two classifications, respectively. The Kappa coefficient is a
measure of the agreement between observed and predicted
values and whether that agreement is by chance (Congalton and
Green, 1999). Kappa values range from 0 to 1, with values
closer to zero indicating higher chance agreement. Pair-wise Z-