the objectives of this work are: 1)

the objectives of this work are: 1) to study the effect of amendments, such as AA, CA, EDTA, sepiolite and phosphogysum, on growth and physiological characteristics of giant reed grown on soil contaminated by As, Cd and Pb, 2) to elucidate their effect on metal concentrations and accumulations in plant shoots, and then 3) to optimize soil amendments as well as the optimum application concentrations.