The consumption and income coeffici

The consumption and income coefficients give a causal direction, as it is unclear why income, economic, or job satisfaction should affect contemporaneous consumption (or income). Even if low income satisfaction, economic satisfaction, or job satisfaction would induce behavioral changes in subsequent periods, this paper emphasizes the contemporaneousrelationship of consumption and SWB. Hence, no estimation bias is expected. Easterlin (2006) shows that a weighted aggregation of domain satisfactions predicts overall life satisfaction very well. If consumption and income causally affect domains of life satisfaction, they are also likely to affect total life satisfaction causally.