Inflammation is body’s response to disturbed homeostasis
caused by infection, injury, trauma, and several other reasons
resulting in systemic and local effects. The Roman writer
Celsus in 1st century AD identified the four Cardinal Signs
of inflammation as redness (Rubor), swelling or edema
(Tumor), heat (Calor), and pain (Dolor) [90]. Inflammation
constitutes the body’s response to injury and is characterized
by a series of events including the inflammatory reaction, a
sensory response perceived as pain, and a repair process. The
main causes of inflammatory reaction are infection (invasion
and multiplication within tissues by bacteria, fungi, viruses,
protozoa causing damage to the host cells), trauma penetrating
injury, blunt trauma, thermal injury, chemical injury, and
immunologically mediated injury (humoral or cellular), and
as a result of the loss of blood supply (ischemia) [91].