The participants were 25 University

The participants were 25 University of the Sacred Heart students in Freshman English class.
In this university, students were assigned to classes based on their Comprehensive English Test
scores. The students belonged to level 16 out of 20, which was the low-intermediate level. Most of
them had passed either Pre-level 2 or level 2 English Language Proficiency Test (STEP). This class
met twice a week and shadowing exercise was conducted every class. The questionnaire was given
on July 17th, 2012, after they had practiced shadowing for about three months.