For a proper choice of some major p

For a proper choice of some major parameters, it is generally recommended that the
concentration of HS solution injection is 5-10% NaCl and the flow rate of HS solution is close
to the normal RO operation as a starting point.
To date, most recent studies about the use of hypersaline solutions for osmotic backwashing
show the importance of the duration of pulse duration. Pulse duration should be longer
than the residence time for a maximum achievable cycle-averaged permeation rate. A
shorter pulse is ineffective in inducing osmotic permeation particularly towards the end of
the channel. In fact, short pulse is significantly diluted on the membrane surface to the point
where its concentration may drop below that required for inducing osmotic flow. The pulse
concentration and duration must be optimized if efficient osmotic cleaning is to be achieved
throughout the full length of a membrane train