2.3 Summary of previous studiesThe

2.3 Summary of previous studies
The previous empirical studies yielded some observations. First, there is no integrated empirical study on knowledge
management. Most studies focused on the relationships between knowledge management enablers and knowledge
management processes or the relationship between knowledge management enablers and organizational performance.
There is lack of an integrative view of knowledge management. Second, there are a very few empirical studies on
organizational performance in knowledge management, because knowledge is intangible and difficult to measure [45].
The traditional financial measure is not enough to measure knowledge; there is no common or standard way of
assessing knowledge. Third, only a few studies address knowledge creation because no generic measurement tool is
developed for knowledge creation contrary to the hazard rate in knowledge transfer. Fourth, creation or transfer was
measured by static measurements such as the hazard rate or the degree of satisfaction in most researches except Nonaka
et al's [33] and Szulanski's [43] although knowledge management was regarded as a process type not an object type.