Finally, long-term risks associated

Finally, long-term risks associated with highly complex chemicals will never be eliminated. As the DES case demonstrated, drugs can cause harms a generation in the future. This means that the evidence provided by clinical tri¬als will, always be incomplete and, therefore, that risks will always be present. Thus, as a society, we must decide who should bear the costs of those unavoid¬able risks: the consumers who get harmed by the drug, the pharmaceutical companies who profit from them, or the wider society through tax policy or government programs.