Crop productivity is improved by ec

Crop productivity is improved by ecosystem services, including
pollination, but this should be set in the context of trade-offs
among multiple management practices.We investigated the impact
of pollination services on coffee production, considering variation
in fertilization, irrigation, shade cover, and environmental variables
such as rainfall (which stimulates coffee flowering across all
plantations), soil pH, and nitrogen availability. After accounting
for management interventions, bee abundance improved coffee
production (number of berries harvested). Some management
interventions, such as irrigation, used once to trigger asynchronous
flowering, dramatically increased bee abundance at coffee trees.
Others, such as the extent and type of tree cover, revealed interacting
effects on pollination and, ultimately, crop production.
The effects of management interventions, notably irrigation and
addition of lime, had