As more and more computerized files

As more and more computerized files were developed, the problems with this type of file system became apparent.
While these problems are explored in detail in the next section, briefly, the problems centered on having lots of data
files that contained related, often overlapping, data with no means of controlling or managing the data consistently
across all of the files. As shown in Figure 1.5, each file in the system used its own application program to store,
retrieve, and modify data. And each file was owned by the individual or the department that commissioned its creation