Background
This paper discusses two of the venerable models for assessing the distress of industrial
corporations. These are the so-called Z-Score model (1968) and ZETA® 1977) credit risk model.
Both models are still being used by practitioners throughout the world. The latter is a proprietary
model for subscribers to ZETA Services, Inc. (Hoboken, NJ).
The purpose of this summary are two-fold. First, those unique characteristics of business
failures are examined in order to specify and quantify the variables which are effective indicators
and predictors of corporate distress. By doing so, I hope to highlight the analytic as well as the
practical value inherent in the use of financial ratios. Specifically, a set of financial and
economic ratios will be analyzed in a corporate distress prediction context using a multiple
discriminant statistical methodology. Through this exercise, I will explore not only the
quantifiable characteristics of potential bankrupts but also the utility of a much-maligned
technique of financial analysis: ratio analysis. Although the models that we will discuss were
developed in the late 1960’s and mid-1970’s, I will extend our tests and findings to include
application to firms not traded publicly, to non-manufacturing entities, and also refer to a new
bond-rating equivalent model for emerging markets corporate bonds. The latter utilizes a version
of the Z-Score model called Z”. This paper also updates the predictive tests on defaults and
bankruptcies through the year 1999.
As I first wrote in 1968, and it seems even truer in the late 1990’s, academicians seem to
be moving toward the elimination of ratio analysis as an analytical technique in assessing the
performance of the business enterprise.
Background
พื้นหลังบทความนี้กล่าวถึงสองรุ่นที่เคารพในการประเมินความทุกข์ของอุตสาหกรรมThis paper discusses two of the venerable models for assessing the distress of industrial
บริษัท เหล่านี้เป็นดังนั้นcorporations. These are the so- -เรียกว่า called Z- -รูปแบบคะแนน Score model (1968) and ZETAและซีตา® 1977) 1977) credit risk model.
ทั้งสองรุ่นยังคงถูกใช้โดยผู้ปฏิบัติงานทั่วโลก Both models are still being used by practitioners throughout the world. The latter is a proprietary
model for subscribers to ZETA Services, Inc. (Hoboken, NJ).
The purpose of this summary are two-fold. First, those unique characteristics of business
failures are examined in order to specify and quantify the variables which are effective indicators
and predictors of corporate distress. By doing so, I hope to highlight the analytic as well as the
practical value inherent in the use of financial ratios. Specifically, a set of financial and
economic ratios will be analyzed in a corporate distress prediction context using a multiple
discriminant statistical methodology. Through this exercise, I will explore not only the
quantifiable characteristics of potential bankrupts but also the utility of a much-maligned
technique of financial analysis: ratio analysis. Although the models that we will discuss were
developed in the late 1960’s and mid-1970’s, I will extend our tests and findings to include
application to firms not traded publicly, to non-manufacturing entities, and also refer to a new
bond-rating equivalent model for emerging markets corporate bonds. The latter utilizes a version
of the Z-Score model called Z”. This paper also updates the predictive tests on defaults and
bankruptcies through the year 1999.
As I first wrote in 1968, and it seems even truer in the late 1990’s, academicians seem to
be moving toward the elimination of ratio analysis as an analytical technique in assessing the
performance of the business enterprise.
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