The GDS is shown in Exhibit 7.3. Th

The GDS is shown in Exhibit 7.3. The scale is normally self-administered in eight to ten minutes; it can also be read in an interview (1; 3) and a telephone interview format has been used successfully (4; 5). Interviewer administration may take between four and 12 minutes (6). If the scale is administered orally, the interviewer may have to repeat the question to get a clear yes-orno response. The time frame is the past week. One point is counted for each answer indicating depression, as shown in the exhibit; points are added to form a total score ranging from 0 to 30, with higher values reflecting greater depression. Scores of 0 to 10 are considered within the normal range, 11 to 20 indicate mild depression, and 21 to 30 indicate moderate-to-severe depression. A cutting-point of 10/11 is generally used, although Kafonek, et al. used 13/14 (7) and others have used 14/15 (8), or even 16/17 (9, p240).