A third factor is the type of interdependence captured in the supply chain. Thompson (1967) proposed three types of
technologies associated with three kinds of task interdependence. In mediating technologies (pooled interdependence), units can
work independently of one another, but the final output is a joint product of the units' accomplishments. For example, if three
separate firms in a supply chain provide different components to the assembly firm, they experience pooled interdependence in
terms of ultimate market performance. Modular manufacturing in the automobile industry provides an example of this type of
relationship. Entire component units, such as complete door assemblies, are inserted into the assembly line (McCutcheon, 2005).
Pooled interdependence requires the least amount of coordination and can usually be managed by simple rules and standardized
procedures which are often captured through regulative institutionalization. In long-linked technologies (sequential interdependence),
production involves a series of steps to be executed in a specific sequence. Each unit completes one or several of
these steps and their work is primarily dependent on the immediately preceding steps in the sequence. Sequential interdependence
is more complex than pooled, and often requires schedules and plans to augment rules and procedures. An integrated
sequence of small firms that spin fibers, knit, dye, cut, and sew fabric is an example of sequential interdependence. Normative
institutionalization (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983) is typically needed to manage sequential interdependence. In intensive technologies,
units experience pooled, sequential, and reciprocal interdependences, making these relationships particularly challenging to
manage. Reciprocal interdependence is the most complex of the three types of interdependence and requires mutual adjustment