Would that all relevant information

Would that all relevant information about communications networks was
so easily discerned. Alas, researchers in this field have identified a second type of communications within an organization. Unlike formal
communications, informal communication tend to be task-oriented or dependent on social or interpersonal relationships. Thus, it is not uncommon to find a
self-styled "expert."on a particular topic lurking, unidentified and unheralded,within an organization. Nowhere on the organizational chart is the person's position identified as that of an expert in this area, but it is widely acknowledged by his or her co-workers. Similarly, someone working within an organization may emerge as a natural leader or extraordinary communicator through sheer force of personality. Such informal networks and relationships
often are difticult to discover, but seldom are they absent from even small organizations.


Although it is difticult to point to any one seminal development that gave rise to these"new "views on public administration and OD theory, when pressed many researchers point to the 1968 Minnowbrook Conference
at Syracuse University as a logical starting point.According to Frank Marini,editor of Toward a New Public Administration : The Minnowbrook Perspective, a compilation of essays that emerged from the conference, the New Public Administration could be characterized by five integral themes. First, public administration should be taught in conjunction with
organizational humanism and other emerging social science disciplines so that the field will be relevant to new developments in thinking and research. Second,the new thinking in public administration must extend beyond the stodgy, rule-bound limitations inherent in positivism. The theoretical premises inherent in previous views of organizations , for example--- that they are value-neutral and should be autocratic --- are inherently flawed and ultimately damaging to both the individuals and the organizations they serve. Third, the New Public Administration must consider systems theory as a method of integrating various disciplines, a move that requires managers to adopt a longer range perspective on the work of their organizations. Fourth, the New
Public Administrators recognize that the standard hierarchical model championed by Weber and his adherents need not be employed in every case. Different types of organizations require different organizational forms. Finally,
organizations must be "client-focused."Building on Maslow's insight, this theme suggests that equity and social justice require organizations to consider