Raw material and additivesFresh por

Raw material and additives
Fresh pork hams (Musculus biceps femoris, M. semitendinosus,and M. semimembranosus) and pork back fat were purchased from a local processor at post-mortem 48 h. Shade-dried safflower (C. tinctorius L.) petal was purchased from a local food market after the harvest within three months. The wheat fiber (Vitacel® Wheat Fiber-200, Barcelona, Spain), which contains approximately 74% cellulose and 26% hemicellulose (S
anchez-Alonso, Haji-Maleki, & Borderias, 2007), was also purchased.

2.2. Extraction of safflower red pigment and coloring of wheat fiber
The extraction of safflower red pigment and coloring of wheat fiber were conducted with the modification method described by Yoon et al. (2001). The safflower petalwas finely ground with a food blender in order to easily extract the safflower pigments. The ground safflower petal was placed in a cheese cloth bag and washed with water, at the top, for twenty-four hours to remove safflower yellow pigment, which is water-soluble. To extract safflower red pigments, which are solubilized in alkali condition, the washed safflower petal was added to ten volumes (v/w) of 0.1 N potassium carbonate solution (K2CO3) and stirred for twenty-four hours. To eliminate the petal, the extract solution passes through 2e3 layers of cheese cloth, and pH of the extracts solution (yellow color) was adjusted with 0.1Macetic acid solution until pH 5.5e5.7 to red color of xpression. And then, the colored wheat fiber was prepared as follows; the wheat fiber (WF) was colored with the safflower red pigment solution (1:10 ratio) and stirred for 12 h. after coloring, the wheat fiber colored with safflower red pigments (WFC) in the solution was separated with centrifugation at 6000 g for 15 min at 4 C, and the supernatant was discarded and the residues was collected. The residues obtained were dried in a 50 C hot-air dryer (Enex-Co-600, Enexs, Korea) for twenty-four hours.
The dried residues were powdered using a food blender, and the powder was passed through the 270 mesh testing sieves. The WFC collected was used to manufacture cooked sausages