a styrofoam box (15 cm 20 cm
13 cm deep, 4 cm wall thickness) was filled with warm water
(40 C) and stirred periodically. The temperature of the water
bath was measured with a digital thermometer and maintained
over the duration of the IR measurements. The water acted as a
thermal source for the surrogate ‘‘eye’’. To model the eye, which
is thermally linked to the water bath, a hole was melted through
the side of the styrofoam box and a copper rod (1.5 cm diameter,
5.0 cm long) with known thermal conductivity was inserted. Silicone
caulking sealed both sides of the copper to the styrofoam.
The exposed end of the copper was covered with black vinyl electrical
tape with a known emissivity (Scotch Super 88, 3 M Canada,
London, Canada), providing the surrogate ‘‘eye’’ with a dependable
surface temperature. Prior to manipulative experiments and measurements,
the FLIR E60 camera was used to ensure that the temperature
of the ‘‘eye’’ was constant before proceeding. The thermal
link kept the ‘‘eye’’ at a constant temperature during measurements,
but the thermal link was fragile and sensitive to wind effects.
To observe the effects of camera to subject distance, IRT
measurements of the ‘‘eye’’ were taken between 0.2 and 2 m (in
a styrofoam box (15 cm 20 cm
13 cm deep, 4 cm wall thickness) was filled with warm water
(40 C) and stirred periodically. The temperature of the water
bath was measured with a digital thermometer and maintained
over the duration of the IR measurements. The water acted as a
thermal source for the surrogate ‘‘eye’’. To model the eye, which
is thermally linked to the water bath, a hole was melted through
the side of the styrofoam box and a copper rod (1.5 cm diameter,
5.0 cm long) with known thermal conductivity was inserted. Silicone
caulking sealed both sides of the copper to the styrofoam.
The exposed end of the copper was covered with black vinyl electrical
tape with a known emissivity (Scotch Super 88, 3 M Canada,
London, Canada), providing the surrogate ‘‘eye’’ with a dependable
surface temperature. Prior to manipulative experiments and measurements,
the FLIR E60 camera was used to ensure that the temperature
of the ‘‘eye’’ was constant before proceeding. The thermal
link kept the ‘‘eye’’ at a constant temperature during measurements,
but the thermal link was fragile and sensitive to wind effects.
To observe the effects of camera to subject distance, IRT
measurements of the ‘‘eye’’ were taken between 0.2 and 2 m (in
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