MeasuresAlcohol abuse and dependenc

Measures
Alcohol abuse and dependence according to DSM-IV were assessed using the items of the 12-month version of the Munich Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI) (Wittchen et al., 1995; Wittchen, 1994). The M-CIDI assesses the 11 alcohol abuse and dependence criteria (AUD) based on 18 questions (seven related to abuse, 11 to dependence). Alcohol dependence was diagnosed if at least three out of seven criteria were present in the last 12 months. For a diagnosis of alcohol abuse, at least one out of four criteria had to be met. Data on alcohol abuse and dependence criteria were available for 7,804 subjects (analytical sample). As covariates, age, gender and education were included. Educational attainment was measured on two items asking for the highest level of school completed and the highest professional qualification. Individual scores range from 1 (maximum secondary school and no completed professional qualification) to 7 (university degree) (Piontek, Kraus, Müller, & Pabst, 2010).