2. Illegal bottom trawl fishing
2.1. Origin of bottom trawl fishing
In 1929, the Japanese government permitted two kinds of bottom trawl fishing based on the geographic areas in the coastal waters of Japan and in international waters. The Japanese government restricted bottom trawl fishing by regulating “No Fishing Zones” in the coastal waters of Japan, however, promoted bottom trawl fishing in other nations' waters, such as in Korean waters and in the East China Sea. The Japanese Government-General of Korea permitted 200 bottom trawl vessels in Korean waters. Although there is no data on bottom trawl vessels at that time, many assume that the size of these vessels were about 20 gross tonnage (GT).
During the Japanese colonial period, Korean fishermen were poor and had no ability to operate bottom trawl vessels with high-capacity engines, although they envied the Japanese fleet, which operated in the coastal waters of Korea. Therefore, after liberalization from Japan, Korean fishermen started bottom trawl fishing, which was modeled for them during the Japanese colonial rule.
2.2. 1953 Fisheries law
In 1953, the Korean government enacted the “Fisheries Act,” which permitted motor vessels between 30 and 50 GT with engines between 70 and 120 H.P. as legal trawl vessels, which could fish in off-shore waters. Also, the law permitted a total of 190 limited licenses and regulated “No Fishing Zones” in the coastal waters of Korea, all of which were important habitat and spawning grounds. The limited license (Joeng-Han-Soo) regulation was a system that limited the maximum number of licenses per fishery to prevent overfishing and excessive inter-fisheries competition [11]. Therefore, the “Fisheries Act” made the operation of bottom trawl fishing vessels of less than 30 GT illegal. Over the last 50 years, the Korean government revised the “Fisheries Act” several times, and currently bottom trawl vessels of less than 20 GT are illegal.
2.3. Growth of illegal bottom trawl fishing
Most small bottom trawl vessels were built easily and quickly using fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) or wood in small shipbuilding yards. Therefore, almost anybody could easily build the bottom trawl vessels to join the fishery. Illegal bottom trawl fishing used nets with small mesh sizes and caught all fish species, including young fry (Fig. 1). It is estimated that about 75–80% of the total catch by illegal bottom trawl vessels were fry [12]. In addition, illegal bottom trawl vessels usually fished by dragging the nets along the sandy or muddy bottom, which adversely impacted the marine environment and habitat.
2. ถูกล่าง trawl ตกปลา2.1 การกำเนิดของล่าง trawl ตกปลาในปีพ.ศ. 2472 รัฐบาลญี่ปุ่นอนุญาตชนิดสองล่าง trawl ตกปลาจากบนพื้นที่ทางภูมิศาสตร์ ในน่านน้ำชายฝั่งของญี่ปุ่น และ ในน่านน้ำต่างประเทศ อย่างไรก็ตาม trawl ล่างจำกัดรัฐบาลญี่ปุ่นที่ตกปลา ด้วยการควบคุม "ไม่ตกโซน" ในน่านน้ำชายฝั่งของญี่ปุ่น ส่งเสริมล่าง trawl ประมงในน่านน้ำของประเทศอื่น ๆ เช่น ในน่านน้ำเกาหลี และ ในทะเลจีนตะวันออก รัฐบาลญี่ปุ่นทั่วเกาหลีอนุญาตให้เรือ trawl ล่าง 200 ในน่านน้ำเกาหลี แม้ว่าจะไม่มีข้อมูลบนล่าง trawl เรือในขณะนั้น มากสมมติว่า ขนาดของเรือเหล่านี้มีประมาณ 20 รวม tonnage (GT)ในช่วงยุคอาณานิคมญี่ปุ่น ชาวประมงเกาหลีถูกดี และก็ไม่มีความสามารถในการใช้เรือ trawl ล่างเครื่องยนต์ความจุสูง แม้ว่าพวกเขาอิจฉากองเรือรบญี่ปุ่น ซึ่งดำเนินการในน่านน้ำชายฝั่งของเกาหลี ดังนั้น หลังจากการเปิดเสรีจากญี่ปุ่น ชาวประมงเกาหลีเริ่มล่าง trawl ประมง ซึ่งจำลองสำหรับพวกเขาในระหว่างปกครองอาณานิคมของญี่ปุ่น2.2. 1953 กฎหมายประมงIn 1953, the Korean government enacted the “Fisheries Act,” which permitted motor vessels between 30 and 50 GT with engines between 70 and 120 H.P. as legal trawl vessels, which could fish in off-shore waters. Also, the law permitted a total of 190 limited licenses and regulated “No Fishing Zones” in the coastal waters of Korea, all of which were important habitat and spawning grounds. The limited license (Joeng-Han-Soo) regulation was a system that limited the maximum number of licenses per fishery to prevent overfishing and excessive inter-fisheries competition [11]. Therefore, the “Fisheries Act” made the operation of bottom trawl fishing vessels of less than 30 GT illegal. Over the last 50 years, the Korean government revised the “Fisheries Act” several times, and currently bottom trawl vessels of less than 20 GT are illegal.2.3. Growth of illegal bottom trawl fishingMost small bottom trawl vessels were built easily and quickly using fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) or wood in small shipbuilding yards. Therefore, almost anybody could easily build the bottom trawl vessels to join the fishery. Illegal bottom trawl fishing used nets with small mesh sizes and caught all fish species, including young fry (Fig. 1). It is estimated that about 75–80% of the total catch by illegal bottom trawl vessels were fry [12]. In addition, illegal bottom trawl vessels usually fished by dragging the nets along the sandy or muddy bottom, which adversely impacted the marine environment and habitat.
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