F. graminearum is rarely known in producing GAs, but the other strains such as F. fujikuroi and F. proliferatum are well-known in producing GAs (Tsavkelova et al., 2008). Therefore, GAsapplication to inhibit the russet formation may be through its induction of endogenous CA biosynthesis and inhibition of lignin accumulation in ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. This hypothesis needs to be elucidated further