Chemical bonds vary widely in their

Chemical bonds vary widely in their sensitivity to scrutinizing by infrared techniques. Thus, the potential utility of infrared spectrophotometry (IR) is a function of the chemical bond of interest, rather than being applicable as a general probe. FT-IR analysis was carried out for detecting the presence of the functional groups. Using this analysis, the reaction mechanisms in the sonochemical process can be detected. FT-IR spectrum of the NTO shown in Fig. 4 are analyzed in Table 1. This characterization method was used in order to prove that the synthesized powders are carbonate-free. The FT-IR spectrum interprets the existence of absorption bands at around 536, 1047, 1351, 1453, 1592 and 3208 cm−1. It is known that the broad band in the range 3208–3097 cm−1 is due to the stretching vibration of the hydroxyl (O−H) group and confirms the existence of water. The other band formed around 1592 cm−1 is due to the bending vibration of the H−O−H bonds. The absorption bands at 1047, 1351 cm−1 can be considered as the alcoholic bending vibrations (C–OH functional groups) [36].