With respect to food-borne pathogens possibly associated
to particular foods, Risk Analysis is about to be
generally accepted by governments as the framework
to (1) estimate the impact of a particular hazard on public
health, (2) define an appropriate level of public health
protection against that hazard and (3) establish guidelines
to ensure the supply of safe foods (Gorris, 2002).
Public health protection is paramount, but the facilitation
of fair trade is a second important area of application
of Risk Analysis as it is advocated to use the
framework in the development of Codex Alimentarius
Standards, Codes and Guidelines.
The current health status of a population is evaluated
conducting a Microbiological Risk Assessment (MRA)
for a product or product group to which a pathogen is
associated (Buchanan, Smith, & Long, 2000; Lammerding
& Fazil, 2000). An MRA can give an absolute or
a relative indication of the health status, i.e. provide
an absolute numerical expression of the risk at population
level respectively a relative or benchmarked
expressing (e.g. a ranking). Importantly, MRA studies
can be developed on many levels of detail, amongst
many others depending on the complexity of the issue,
the urgency for obtaining the risk estimate and the data
available (van Gerwen & Gorris, 2004). What all MRA
studies should have in common is that they involve all
relevant food products in a country or imported into a
country (Fig. 1). They should keep to the important
basic principles of being structured, systematic, transparent,
and open studies. They also should give detailed
account of all information that is important to understand
the process by which the risk estimate has been
arrived at as well as the content of the study. Thus,
for instance, data considered, data rejected and rationale
for that, models used, assumptions made and opinions
all should be specified. With the risk estimate, an
account of variability and uncertainty should be given.
With respect to food-borne pathogens possibly associatedto particular foods, Risk Analysis is about to begenerally accepted by governments as the frameworkto (1) estimate the impact of a particular hazard on publichealth, (2) define an appropriate level of public healthprotection against that hazard and (3) establish guidelinesto ensure the supply of safe foods (Gorris, 2002).Public health protection is paramount, but the facilitationof fair trade is a second important area of applicationof Risk Analysis as it is advocated to use theframework in the development of Codex AlimentariusStandards, Codes and Guidelines.The current health status of a population is evaluatedconducting a Microbiological Risk Assessment (MRA)for a product or product group to which a pathogen isassociated (Buchanan, Smith, & Long, 2000; Lammerding& Fazil, 2000). An MRA can give an absolute ora relative indication of the health status, i.e. providean absolute numerical expression of the risk at populationlevel respectively a relative or benchmarkedexpressing (e.g. a ranking). Importantly, MRA studiescan be developed on many levels of detail, amongstmany others depending on the complexity of the issue,the urgency for obtaining the risk estimate and the dataavailable (van Gerwen & Gorris, 2004). What all MRAstudies should have in common is that they involve allrelevant food products in a country or imported into acountry (Fig. 1). They should keep to the importantbasic principles of being structured, systematic, transparent,and open studies. They also should give detailedaccount of all information that is important to understandthe process by which the risk estimate has beenarrived at as well as the content of the study. Thus,for instance, data considered, data rejected and rationalefor that, models used, assumptions made and opinionsall should be specified. With the risk estimate, anaccount of variability and uncertainty should be given.
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