2.2. Process designA thorough proce

2.2. Process design
A thorough process model was established in Aspen Plus. The model developed in this study is based on several previous models developed at Iowa State University (Swanson et al., 2010; Wright et al., 2010; Zhang et al., 2013a). A schematic of the generalized process flow diagram is shown in Fig. 1. Detailed information of functions for each area is included in Table 2. The major components include biomass preprocessing, bio-oil production (fast pyrolysis), bio-oil gasification, syngas cleanup, and fuel synthesis.