A structural approach is taken to i

A structural approach is taken to interpret the superiority of
waterfront tourism over marine transportation. Through an examination
of coefficients in the external effect matrix R derived from
various empirical studies, industries categorized in the secondary
sector of an economy tend to be characterized by higher resource
consumption and heavier pollution than industries categorized in
the tertiary sector. As discussed above, 74% of production activities
pulled by port and shipping come from the secondary sector, while
67% of those pulled by waterfront tourism fall in the category of
tertiary sector. This structural difference of pulling effect constitutes
a main reason behind distinct environmental performances
induced by the two marine industries. In brief, waterfront tourism
pulls in more ‘cleaner’ industries than marine transportation does.