Whereas the TPB provides a framewor

Whereas the TPB provides a framework for understanding
how and why students behave as they do,
previous studies have demonstrated that it lacks specific
recommendations for how to make behavioral
changes in drug and alcohol use13or in smoking.14
Life skills can give students the important tools with
which to refuse drugs and reinforce the restrictions
of the TPB. Life skills enable students to translate
knowledge and attitude into actions, thereby increasing
self-confidence, self-efficacy, positive attitudes,
and behavior control and enhancing their ability to
deal with social influences.15 The role of life skills is
emphasized when behavior itself causes health problems.
A previous study found that life skill training not
only improved knowledge, attitudes, and psychological
variables but also decreased the use of cigarettes,
alcohol, and marijuana at follow-up.16