on observable behaviors. Ivan Pavlo

on observable behaviors. Ivan Pavlov conducted research with dogs hat led him to describe the process of classical conditioning. Out of his school of psychology, approaches to behavior modification were developed. Behavior modification was widely used by therapists and educators for decades, In reaction to both psychoanalysis and behaviorism, humanistic psychology appeared in the last half of the twentieth century. Carl Rogers is often seen as the father of this school of thought. It is referred to as the "third force" in psychology. Rogers saw the development of self-concept as essential for a healthy human being. He described unconditional positive regard by the people in one's environment as necessary for a healthy self-concept, Rogers developed approach to known as an approach focused on therapy. This the client's power of self-determination In addition to the work of Rogers, humanistic therapy has followed several approaches. Abraham Maslow, for example, stressed a developmental process he described as a hierarchy of need People he claimed, had to satisfy basic needs for safety and security before they could move on to higher-level needs for self-actualization. Other psychologists, such as Rollo May, focused on a "whole" view of the client. A person must be understood by considering all his or her relationships. Gestalt therapy, as developed by Fritz Perls, encouraged clients to experience their emotions and behaviors in the present moment. For example, Perls helped people to become aware of how their mind created projections. When they saw this clearly, they could become free of their patterns Most therapists at the beginning of the twenty-first century do not follow a single school of psychology. They draw on concepts and practices from a range of theories and schools. For example, a therapist might use behavior modification with a client who is afraid of flying The same therapist might apply Freud's concepts of the id, ego, and superego while working with an emotionally disturbed client. He or she might also use a person centered approach with a couple that has problems in their marriage.