‘Natural’ language learning
The early direct method had been a revolution, but not a complete one. Many of thecharacteristics of grammar—translation had survived. There was still explanation and gradingof grammar rules, and the language was divided into discrete areas such as vocabulary or pronunciation practice. Teachers, then, had to do much as they had done before, but withoutrecourse to either first-language explanation or translation. This meant that, in practice,grammar rules had to be worked out by students from examples, because an explanation would