Impact is a phenomenon that is ubiq

Impact is a phenomenon that is ubiquitous in mechanical design ;however,the modeling
of impacts in complex systems is often a simplified, imprecise process.In many high
fidelity finite element simulations,an impractically large number of elements are required to model the constitutive properties of an impact event accurately.
As a result,rigid body dynamics with approximate representations of the impact dynamics are
commonly used.These approximations can include a constant coefficient of restitution,
an artificially large penalty stiffness,or a single degree of freedom constitutive model for
the impact dynamics that is specific to the type of materials involved