A biofilm is a complex matrix of mi

A biofilm is a complex matrix of microorganisms in which cells
bind together and attach to biotic or abiotic surface (Costerton,
Stewart, & Greenberg, 1999; Mah & O'Toole, 2001). Biofilms usually
create a sticky gel composed of polysaccharides, proteins and
other organic components on a wet surface, found in different
environments including clinical and industrial, food processing
environments, and drinking water distribution systems
(Kavanaugh & Ribbeck, 2012; Oral et al. 2010). Bacteria within
biofilms are more resistant to antibiotics and chemical agents than
planktonic cells in suspension (Ceri et al.1999; Stewart & Costerton,
2001). Chemical agents penetrating into the biofilm matrix are less
effective, because most of the chemicals are active only against
unattached microorganisms. In order to penetrate and degrade
biofilms, it is necessary to hydrolyze the biofilm matrix. Restricting
the growth and development of food borne and nosocomial pathogens
such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli is very
important, however the eradiation of these organisms is not always
successful because of their ability to form biofilms on a various
range of surfaces (Nostro et al. 2007; Oral et al. 2010).