the maximum resilience is obtained from taking both preparedness and recovery options, and the more the budget is spent on preparedness options, the greater the benefits would be.Disruptions are usually dealt with at the operational level, treated by the costly last minute solutions. However, the impact of a disruptive event and its aftermaths on the performance of a multimodal transportation system is dramatic and might result in the complete failure, especially in a large-scale international scope. Reflecting reliability and resilience into the tactical planning shows great improvement in the operations, implying that designing suitable pre-disaster and post-disaster actions requires further attention.
In Section 2, we give an argument on the importance of the role of decision makers in the planning. On tactical level planning,