During the torrefaction test, the nitrogen flow rate was set at
0.5 standard cubic feet per minute (SCFM). After the
torrefaction, the flow rate increased to 1.0 SCFM to cool
down the torrefied sample. Four thermocouples are located in
the unit to monitor the temperature. Thermocouple CH0 is for
monitoring the N2 flow temperature. CH1 is for the sample bed
temperature. CH2 is for the gas heater surface temperature and
CH3 is for the furnace temperature. The temperature
programming procedures were (1) increasing the nitrogen
flow temperature and the furnace temperature to 483 K, which