The past development of two discipl

The past development of two disciplines, Phrenology and Anthropometry, helped to pave the way for biometrics. Phrenology, the study of the structure of the skull to determine a person's character and mental capacity, was founded by Franz Joseph in early nineteenth century Germany. Gall believed that certain mental characteristics could be aligned with certain cranial shapes and features. This concept was further advanced by an Italian physician named Cesare Lombroso who linked the concepts of phrenology with specific regard to criminal behavior, trying to relate behavior patterns with physical and biological characteristics.