ammonia toxicity and adeteriorati on ofthe environmental quality
caused by high organic loading (Park et al.,2011 ). Several investiga-
tors stated that biological processes can befeasible for treating
swine wastes. However,swine manure requires along hydraulic
retention time (HRT) tostabilize organic matter using acontinuous
stirred-tank reactor because ofthe high-streng th oforganic loading
and solids (Chynowe th etal.,1999 ). Andreadakis (1992) stated that
approximat ely 40% oftotal organic matter inswine manure iscom-
posed of non-biodegrad able fraction. Nonetheless , several investi-
gators showed that swine wastewater can besuccessfu lly treated
using high-rate anaerobic processes such asananaerobic filter,an
upflow anaerobic sludge blanket,ananaerobic baffledreactor,
and a static granule bed reactor (Lim and Fox,2011a,b;Loetal.,
1994; Yang and Chou,1985 ). Ammonia inswine wastewater com-
monly exists asammoniu m because the ionic fraction ofammonia
is predomin ant at pH7.Although ammoniu m isless toxic than free
ammonia in anaqueous phase,itmust beremoved toprevent adet-
riment to human health orthe ecosystems . Inaddition,phosphorus
containe d inswine wastewater effluentshould bestringently con-
trolled. Among the fraction ofeffluentinwastewater,phosphorus